Abstract
Background: A genetic component has a role in the etiology of Panic Disorder (PD)
and a familial association between PD and CO2 hypersensitivity have been repeatedly
described.
Methods: Complex segregation analysis was performed on a sample of 165 families of
PD probands and on the subgroup homogeneous for CO2 hypersensitivity, using Regressive
Logistic Models. The only relatives considered to be affected were those with PD.
Relatives have been diagnosed according to Family History Method.
Results: A Mendelian hypothesis was compatible with our data, without distinction
between different models of transmission. The Akaike’s Information Criterion values
indicated that the Additive model was the most parsimonious, with a gene frequency
of .0005, incomplete penetrance and a phenocopy rate of .00029. By subdividing the
families according to the probands’ responses to CO2 inhalations, probands of 134
families were hypersensitive to CO2. The analysis performed on this subgroup supported
the existence of a SML with a best fit for a Dominant model.
Conclusions: A SML account for genetic transmission in PD families and 35% CO2 challenge
test may individuate a genetically homogeneous subgroup of patients with PD.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Biological PsychiatryAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- New look at the statistical model identification.IEEE Trans Autom Control. 1974; 19: 716-723
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 3rd ed rev. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC1987
- The family history method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977; 34: 1229-1235
- The family history approach to diagnosis. How useful is it?.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986; 43: 421-429
- Age of onset of panic disorder.Am J Psychiatry. 1995; 152: 1362-1364
- The 35% CO2 challenge test in panic disorder.Psychiatry Res. 1995; 29: 111-119
- Carbon dioxide induced-panic attacks.Am J Psychiatry. 1998; 155: 1184-1188
- Regressive logistic models for familial disease and other binary traits.Biometrics. 1986; 42: 611-625
- Ascertainment in the sequential sampling of the pedigrees.Clin Genet. 1977; 12: 208-212
- Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease specific trait marker.Biol Psychiatry. 1997; 41: 259-263
- A family study of panic disorder.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983; 40: 1065-1069
Elston RC, Bailey–Wilson JE, Bonney GE, Keats BJ, Wilson AF (1986): S.A.G.E.: A package of computer programs to perform statistical analysis for genetic epidemiology.Berlin: 7th International Congress of Human Genetics.
- CO2 vulnerability in panic disorder.Psychiatry Res. 1987; 20: 87-95
- Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK1993: 269-270
- Panic and phobic anxiety.Am J Psychiatry. 1998; 155: 1147-1149
- Results of genomic–wide genetic screen for panic disorder.Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatric Genetics). 1998; 81: 139-147
- The familial relationship between panic disorder and unipolar depression.J Psychiatr Res. 1995; 29: 375-388
- Familial transmission of panic disorder.Anxiety. 1994; 1: 180-185
- A genetic study of panic disorder pedigrees.Am J Hum Genet. 1980; 32: 639-644
- 35% CO2–65% O2 inhalation test in panic patients.Psychiatry Res. 1994; 52: 159-171
- Personality dimensions and reactivity to 35% CO2 in panic patients and healthy controls.Eur Psychiatry. 1994; 9: 236-240
- Sensitivity to 35% CO2 in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder.Am J Psychiatry. 1995; 152: 623-625
- Family history of panic disorder and hypersensitivity to CO2 in patients with panic disorder.Am J Psychiatry. 1996; 153: 1060-1064
- Panic attacks.Psychiatry Res. 1997; 66: 6-71
- A long-term prospective evaluation of first-degree relatives of panic patients who underwent the 35% CO2 challenge.Biol Psychiatry. 1999; 45: 365-367
- The National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981; 38: 381-389
- Genetic factors in anxiety disorders.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983; 40: 1085-1086
- Segregation analysis of panic disorder.Psych Genetics. 1993; 3: 63-71
- Inherent intractability of the ascertainment problem for the pedigree data.Am J Hum Genet. 1995; 56: 33-43
- New segregation analysis of panic disorder.Am J Med Genet (Neuropsychiatric Genetics). 1996; 67: 147-153
- The relationship between panic disorder and major depression. A new family study.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993; 50: 767-780
Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
December 22,
1998
Received in revised form:
September 22,
1998
Received in revised form:
December 14,
1998
Received:
January 14,
1998
Identification
Copyright
© 1999 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
