Sex hormones are powerful neuromodulators of learning and memory, influencing the
brain at the level of microscopic intracellular events to macroscopic brain organization.
A central feature of the mammalian endocrine system is that hormone secretion varies
over time. Human neuroimaging studies that densely sample individuals over timescales
of days, weeks, and months provide unique insight into the role our endocrine system
plays in regulating the dynamic properties of the human brain. For example, we recently
established estrogen’s ability to drive widespread patterns of connectivity and enhance
the global efficiency of large-scale brain networks in a densely-sampled female (Pritschet
et al., 2020). In men, sex hormone production follows a sinusoidal pattern with a
peak in testosterone between 6-7am and nadir between 7-8pm.
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