Previous studies showed that pathological anxiety is associated with altered risk-aversion
and learning under uncertainty, but it is unrelated with a balance between model-based
versus model-free learning in the reward condition. However, it remains unclear whether
high anxiety is associated with similar deficits in goal-directed or model-based learning
with aversive outcomes or punishment. As anxiety symptoms are triggered by negative
events, it is critical to understand how anxiety under punishment alters decision-making.
Here, we investigated how state anxiety affects model-based decision-making with monetary
loss.
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© 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc.
