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The ENIGMA OCD Working Group: Xiang-Zhen Kong (Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands), Premika S.W. Boedhoe (Department of Psychiatry and Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Yoshinari Abe (Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan), Pino Alonso (Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute–Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM; and Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain), Stephanie H. Ameis (The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; and Centre for Brain and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Alan Anticevic (Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut), Paul D. Arnold (Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; and Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada), Francesca Assogna (Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy), Justin T. Baker (McLean Hopsital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts), Nerisa Banaj (Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy), Nuria Bargalló (Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS; and Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain), Marcelo C. Batistuzzo (Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil), Francesco Benedetti (Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy), Jan C. Beucke (Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Irene Bollettini (Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy), Anushree Bose (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India), Daniel Brandeis (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany), Silvia Brem (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich; and Neuroscience Center Zürich, University of Zürich and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland), Brian P. Brennan (McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts), Jan Buitelaar (Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands), Geraldo F. Busatto (Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil), Anna Calvo (Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain), Rosa Calvo (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain), Yuqi Cheng (Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China), Kang Ik K. Cho (Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea), Valentina Ciullo (Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome; and Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy), Sara Dallaspezia (Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy), Damiaan Denys (Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Froukje E. de Vries (Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Stella J. de Wit (Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Erin Dickie (Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Renate Drechsler (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland), Benjamin A. Ely (Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York), Madalena Esteves (Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS], School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS]/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; and Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal), Andrea Falini (Neuroradiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy), Yu Fang (Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan), Jamie Feusner (Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California), Martijn Figee (Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Kate D. Fitzgerald (Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan), Martine Fontaine (Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York), Jean-Paul Fouche (Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa), Egill A. Fridgeirsson (Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Patricia Gruner (Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut), Deniz A. Gürsel (Department of Neuroradiology and Neuroimaging Center at the Technische Universität München, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany), Geoff Hall (Department of Psychology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada), Sayo Hamatani (Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan), Gregory L. Hanna (Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan), Bjarne Hansen (OCD Team, Haukeland University Hospital; and Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway), Tobias U. Hauser (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research; and Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom), Yoshiyuki Hirano (Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan), Marcelo Q. Hoexter (Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil), Hao Hu (Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China), Chaim Huyser (De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Keisuke Ikari (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan), Neda Jahanshad (Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California), Anthony James (Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom), Fern Jaspers-Fayer (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), Norbert Kathmann (Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Christian Kaufmann (Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Kathrin Koch (Department of Neuroradiology and Neuroimaging Center at the Technische Universität München, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany), Masaru Kuno (Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan), Gerd Kvale (OCD Team, Haukeland University Hospital; and Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway), Jun Soo Kwon (Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine; and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea), Luisa Lazaro (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari; Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain), Yanni Liu (Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan), Christine Lochner (Stellenbosch University/University of Cape Town Medical Research Center Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa), Ricardo Magalhães (Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS], School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS]/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; and Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal), Paulo Marques (Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS], School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS]/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; and Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal), Rachel Marsh (Columbia University Irving Medical Center; and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York), Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín (Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute–Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; and Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain), Yasutaka Masuda (Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan), David Mataix-Cols (Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden), Koji Matsumoto (Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan), James T. McCracken (Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California), José M. Menchón (Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute–Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM; and Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain), Euripedes C. Miguel (Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil), Luciano Minuzzi (Mood Disorders Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada), Pedro S Moreira (Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS], School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS]/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; and Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal), Astrid Morer (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari; Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental), Pedro Morgado (Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS], School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS]/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; and Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal), Akiko Nakagawa (Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan), Takashi Nakamae (Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan), Tomohiro Nakao (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan), Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India), Jin Narumoto (Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan), Seiji Nishida (Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan), Erika L. Nurmi (Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California), Joseph O'Neill (Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California), Jose C. Pariente (Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain), Chris Perriello (McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois), John Piacentini (Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California), Fabrizio Piras (Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy), Federica Piras (Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy), Christopher Pittenger (Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut), Sara Poletti (Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy), Y.C. Janardhan Reddy (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India), Tim Reess (Department of Neuroradiology and Neuroimaging Center at the Technische Universität München, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany), Oana Georgiana Rus-Oswald (University of Zürich, University Hospital Zürich, Dept. Neuroradiology, Zürich, Switzerland), Yuki Sakai (ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group; and Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan), Joao R. Sato (Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil), Lianne Schmaal (Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville; and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), Eiji Shimizu (Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University; and Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan), H. Blair Simpson (Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University; and Center for OCD and Related Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York), Noam Soreni (Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada), Carles Soriano-Mas (Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute–Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat' Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental-CIBERSAM; and Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain), Nuno Sousa (Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS], School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute [ICVS]/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães; and Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal), Gianfranco Spalletta (Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; and Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas), Emily R. Stern (Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York; and Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York), Michael C. Stevens (Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven; and Clinical Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, Connecticut), S. Evelyn Stewart (Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia; and Provincial Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Program, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada), Philip R. Szeszko (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; and James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York), Jumpei Takahashi (Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan), Jinsong Tang (Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California), Anders Lillevik Thorsen (OCD Team, Haukeland University Hospital; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; and Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), David F. Tolin (Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital, Hartford; and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut), Aki Tsuchiyagaito (Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma), Daan van Rooij (Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands), Guido A. van Wingen (Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Ysbrand D. van der Werf (Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Dick J. Veltman (Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Daniela Vecchio (Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy), Ganesan Venkatasubramanian (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India), Susanne Walitza (Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland), Zhen Wang (Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, People's Republic of China), Anri Watanabe (Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan), Jian Xu (Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China), Xiufeng Xu (Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China), Kei Yamada (Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan), Tokiko Yoshida (Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan), Je-Yeon Yun (Seoul National University Hospital; and Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea), Mojtaba Zarei (Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran), Qing Zhao (Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China), Cong Zhou (Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China), Paul M. Thompson (Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California), Dan J. Stein (Stellenbosch University/University of Cape Town Medical Research Center Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa), Odile A. van den Heuvel (Department of Psychiatry and Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Clyde Francks (Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands).
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- Clinical Implication of Brain Asymmetries in Psychiatric DisordersBiological PsychiatryVol. 87Issue 12
- PreviewLaterality refers to the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in controlling particular activities or functions. Cerebral dominance for handedness and language processing are highly prevalent in the general population. Laterality is essential for optimal cognitive and emotional processing. The asymmetry index (AI) or the laterality index is commonly used to measure cerebral asymmetry. A positive value of AI indicates left hemispheric dominance, while a negative value indicates right hemispheric dominance.
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