Liam’s mom knew that her son learned differently than other kids. As a kindergartener,
Liam didn’t know the alphabet, and he would not learn it until high school. But his
mom figured out that she could teach her son words by showing them to him. She began
with his name, which she wrote out on an index card and held up for him to see. She
said, “Liam,” and he said it back. They did this every day for a week until he understood.
Then they went on to the next word: Mom.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Biological PsychiatryAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Fragile X syndrome: Keys to the molecular genetics of synaptic plasticity.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47: 736-739
- Fragile X syndrome: From targets to treatments.Neuropharmacology. 2013; 68: 83-96
- Rescue of fragile X syndrome phenotypes in Fmr1 KO mice by the small-molecule PAK inhibitor FRAX486.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 5671-5676
- Dendritic spine dysgenesis in autism related disorders.Neurosci Lett. 2015; 601: 30-40
- Structural dynamics of dendritic spines in memory and cognition.Trends Neurosci. 2010; 33: 121-129
- Dendritic spines: The locus of structural and functional plasticity.Physiol Rev. 2014; 94: 141-188
- Sleep promotes branch-specific formation of dendritic spines after learning.Science. 2014; 344: 1173-1178
- Synaptic dysfunction in depression: Potential therapeutic targets.Science. 2012; 338: 68-72
- Astrocytic contributions to synaptic and learning abnormalities in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome.Biol Psychiatry. 2017; 82: 139-149
- Selective loss of smaller spines in schizophrenia.Am J Psychiatry. 2017; 174: 586-594
Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
May 12,
2017
Received:
May 10,
2017
Identification
Copyright
© Society of Biological Psychiatry, 2017.
ScienceDirect
Access this article on ScienceDirectLinked Article
- Astrocytic Contributions to Synaptic and Learning Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Fragile X SyndromeBiological PsychiatryVol. 82Issue 2
- PreviewFragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common type of mental retardation attributable to a single-gene mutation. It is caused by FMR1 gene silencing and the consequent loss of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein. Fmr1 global knockout (KO) mice recapitulate many behavioral and synaptic phenotypes associated with FXS. Abundant evidence suggests that astrocytes are important contributors to neurological diseases. This study investigates astrocytic contributions to the progression of synaptic abnormalities and learning impairments associated with FXS.
- Full-Text
- Preview
