Abstract
An outstanding problem in psychiatry concerns how to link discoveries about the pharmacological,
neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical substrates of mental disorders to the abnormal
behaviors that they control. A related problem concerns how to understand abnormal
behaviors on a continuum with normal behaviors. During the past few decades, neural
models have been developed of how normal cognitive and emotional processes learn from
the environment, focus attention and act upon motivationally important events, and
cope with unexpected events. When arousal or volitional signals in these models are
suitably altered, they give rise to symptoms that strikingly resemble negative and
positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including flat affect, impoverishment of will,
attentional problems, loss of a theory of mind, thought derailment, hallucinations,
and delusions. This article models how emotional centers of the brain, such as the
amygdala, interact with sensory and prefrontal cortices (notably ventral, or orbital,
prefrontal cortex) to generate affective states, attend to motivationally salient
sensory events, and elicit motivated behaviors. Closing this feedback loop between
cognitive and emotional centers is predicted to generate a cognitive–emotional resonance
that can support conscious awareness. When such emotional centers become depressed,
negative symptoms of schizophrenia emerge in the model. Such emotional centers are
modeled as opponent affective processes, such as fear and relief, whose response amplitude
and sensitivity are calibrated by an arousal level and chemical transmitters that
slowly inactivate, or habituate, in an activity-dependent way. These opponent processes
exhibit an Inverted-U, whereby behavior becomes depressed if the arousal level is
chosen too large or too small. The negative symptoms are owing to the way in which
the depressed opponent process interacts with other circuits throughout the brain.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Accepted:
March 31,
2000
Received in revised form:
March 15,
2000
Identification
Copyright
© 2000 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
