Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 28, ISSUE 7, P569-587, October 01, 1990

Neuroendocrinological investigations during sleep deprivation in depression II. Longitudinal measurement of thyrotropin, TH, cortisol, prolactin, GH, and LH during sleep and sleep deprivation

  • Andreas Baumgartner
    Correspondence
    Address reprint requests to Dr. A. Baumgartner, Psychiatrische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Rudolf-Virchow (Charlottenburg) der Freien Universität Berlin, Eschenalle 3, D-1000 Berlin 19, Federal Republic of Germany.
    Affiliations
    From the Psychiatrische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Rudolf-Virchow (Charlottenburg) der Freien Universität Berlin, FRG
    Search for articles by this author
  • Dieter Riemann
    Footnotes
    Affiliations
    Max Planck Institut für Psychiatrie in Munich, FRG
    Search for articles by this author
  • Mathias Berger
    Footnotes
    Affiliations
    Max Planck Institut für Psychiatrie in Munich, FRG
    Search for articles by this author
  • Author Footnotes
    ∗∗ D.R. is at the Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Mannheim, FRG
    ∗ M.B. is now at the Psychiatrische Klinik in Freiburg
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(90)90395-I
Neuroendocrinological investigations during sleep deprivation in depression II. Longitudinal measurement of thyrotropin, TH, cortisol, prolactin, GH, and LH during sleep and sleep deprivation
Previous ArticleNeuroendocrinological investigations during sleep deprivation in depression I. Early morning levels of thyrotropin, TH, cortisol, prolactin, LH, FSH, estradiol, and testosterone
Next ArticleEffects of daily oral m-Chlorophenylpiperazine in elderly depressed patients initial experience with a serotonin agonist
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.

      Abstract

      Thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxin (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T3 (fT3), cortisol, prolactin, and human growth hormone (HGH) were measured every 2 hr during a night of sleep, the following day, and a night of sleep deprivation (SD) in 14 patients with major depressive disorder. In subgroups fT4 (n = 5), reverse T3 (rT3), and luteinizing hormone (LH) (n = 6) were also investigated. Significant increases in TSH, T4, fT4, T3, fT3, rT3, and cortisol and decreases in prolactin levels occurred during the night of SD, compared to the pattern during the night of sleep. The pre-SD T4 and T3 levels of the responders to SD were already higher than in the nonresponders, and increased less during SD. The cortisol and HGH concentrations of the responders rose higher during SD than those of the nonresponders. Changes in TSH and prolactin were not correlated to clinical response. Analysis of possible neurochemical mechanisms underlying this “pattern” of changes in different endocrine profiles suggests that enhanced noradrenergic activity might play a role in the changes in TSH, cortisol, thyroid hormones, and possibly HGH secretion during SD, and increased dopaminergic tone probably induced the decline in prolactin levels. Additional effects of the serotonergic system cannot be excluded at present. In conclusion, the data suggest that enhanced noradrenergic activity of the locus coeruleus stimulates alpha and/or beta adrenergic receptors in depressed patients during SD. This mechanism could well be involved in the antidepressant effect of this therapy.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Biological Psychiatry
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Ahren B.
        Thyroid neuroendocrinology: Neural regulation of thyroid hormone secretion.
        Endocr Rev. 1986; 7: 149-155
        • Al-Damluji S.
        • Cunnah D.
        • Perry L.
        • Grossman A.
        • Besser G.M.
        The effect of alpha-adrenergic manipulation on the 24-hour pattern of cortisol secretion in man.
        Clin Endocrinol. 1987; 26: 61-66
        • Al-Damluji S.
        • Iveson T.
        • Thomas J.M.
        • Pendelbury D.J.
        • Rees L.H.
        • Besser G.M.
        Food-induced cortisol secretion is mediated by central alpha-1 adrenoceptor modulation of pituitary ACTH secretion.
        Clin Endocrinol. 1987; 26: 629-636
        • Al-Damluji S.
        • Perry L.
        • Tomlin S.
        • et al.
        Alpha adrenergic stimulation of corticotropin secretion by a specific central mechanism in man.
        Neuroendocrinology. 1987; 45: 68-76
        • Aston-Jones G.
        • Bloom F.E.
        Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle.
        J Neurosci. 1981; 1: 876-886
        • Aston-Jones G.
        • Bloom F.E.
        Norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats exhibit pronounced responses to non-noxious environmental stimuli.
        J Neurosci. 1981; 1: 887-900
        • Atterwill C.K.
        • Bunn S.J.
        • Atkinson D.J.
        • Smith S.L.
        • Heal D.J.
        Effects of thyroid status on presynaptic alpha2-adrenoceptor function and β-adrenoceptor binding in the rat brain.
        J Neural Transm. 1984; 59: 43-55
        • Azukizawa M.
        • Pekary A.E.
        • Hershman J.M.
        • Parker D.C.
        Plasma thyrotropin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine relationships in man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976; 43: 533-542
        • Balsam A.
        • Dobbs C.R.
        • Leppo L.E.
        Circadian variations in concentrations of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine in man.
        J Appl Physiol. 1975; 39: 297-299
        • Baumgartner A.
        • Gräf K.J.
        • Kürten I.
        The dexamethasone suppression test in depression, in schizophrenia, and during experimental stress.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1985; 20: 675-679
        • Baumgartner A.
        • Gräf K.J.
        • Kürten I.
        Prolactin in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy subjects. III. Investigations of basal and post-TRH prolactin during different forms of acute and chronic psychological stress.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1988; 24: 286-298
        • Baumgartner A.
        • Gräf K.J.
        • Kürten I.
        • Meinhold H.
        The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in psychiatric patients and healthy subjects. IV. TRH-tests, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and reverse triiodothyronine determinations in medical students during a major examination.
        Psychiatry Res. 1988; 24: 316-332
        • Baumgartner A.
        • Gräf K.J.
        • Kürten I.
        • Meinhold H.
        The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in psychiatric patients and healthy subjects. Part II. Repeated measurements of thyroxine, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free triiodothyronine, and reverse triiodothyronine in patients with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia and healthy subjects.
        Psychiatry Res. 1988; 24: 283-305
        • Berger M.
        • Bossert S.
        • Krieg J.C.
        • et al.
        Interindividual difference in the susceptibility of the cortisol system: An important factor for the degree of hypercortisolism in stress situations?.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1987; 22: 1327-1339
        • Berger M.
        • Riemann D.
        • Höchli D.
        • Spiegel R.
        The cholinergic REM sleep induction test with RS 86: State or trait marker of depression?.
        Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989; 46: 421-429
        • Berger M.
        • Zully J.
        • Höchli D.
        • Riemann D.
        • Von Zerssen D.
        The activity of different neuroendocrine axes during sleep and sleep deprivation in patients with a major depressive disorder.
        in: Proceedings of the IVth World Congress of Biological Psychiatry. Elsevier, New York1985: 156-158
        • Chan V.
        • Jones A.
        • Liendo-Ch P.
        • MacNeilly A.
        • Landon J.
        • Besser G.M.
        The relationship between circadian variations in circulating thyrotropin, thyroid hormones, and prolactin.
        Clin Endocrinol. 1978; 9: 337-349
        • Charney D.S.
        • Heninger G.R.
        • Sternberg D.E.
        • Hafstad K.M.
        • Giddings S.
        • Landis H.
        Adrenergic receptor sensitivity in depression.
        Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982; 39: 290-294
        • Charney D.S.
        • Menkes D.B.
        • Heninger G.R.
        Receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment.
        Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981; 38: 1160-1180
        • Chihara K.
        • Kato Y.
        • Maeda K.
        • Matsukura S.
        • Imura H.
        Suppression by cyproheptadine of human growth hormone and cortisol secretion during sleep.
        J Clin Invest. 1976; 57: 1393-1402
        • Chu N.
        • Bloom F.E.
        Norepinephrine-containing neurons: Changes in spontaneous discharge patterns during sleeping and waking.
        Science. 1973; 179: 908-910
        • Collu R.
        • Gibb W.
        • Ducharme J.R.
        Role of catecholamines in the inhibitory effect of immobilization stress on testosterone secretion in rats.
        Biol Reprod. 1984; 30: 416-422
        • Davis B.M.
        • Davis K.L.
        Cholinergic mechanisms and anterior pituitary hormone secretion.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1980; 15: 303-310
        • De Costre P.
        • Buhler U.
        • De Grott L.J.
        • Refetoff S.
        Diurnal rhythm in total serum thyroxine levels.
        Metabolism. 1971; 20: 782-791
        • Doerr P.
        • Berger M.
        Physostigmine-induced escape from dexamethasone suppression in normal adults.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1983; 18: 261-268
        • Engler D.
        • Chad D.
        • Jackson I.M.D.
        Thyrotropin-releasing in the pancreas and brain of the rat is regulated by central noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways.
        J Clin Invest. 1982; 69: 1310-1320
        • Foote S.L.
        • Aston-Jones G.
        • Bloom F.E.
        Impulse activity of locus coeruleus neurons in awake rats and monkeys is a function of sensory stimulation and arousal.
        in: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 77. 1980: 3033-3037
        • Gerner R.H.
        • Post R.M.
        • Gillin C.
        • Bunney W.E.
        Biological and behavioural effects of one night's sleep deprivation is depressed patients and in normals.
        J Psychiatry Res. 1979; 15: 21-40
        • Greenspan S.L.
        • Klibanski A.
        • Schönfeld D.
        • Ridgway E.C.
        Pulsatile secretion of thyrotropin in man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986; 63: 661-668
        • Grimm Y.
        • Reichlin S.
        Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Neurotransmitter regulation of secretion by mouse hypothalamic tissue in vitro.
        Endocrinology. 1973; 93: 626-631
        • Gross G.
        • Brodde O.E.
        • Schumann H.J.
        Regulation of alpha-adrenoceptors in the cerebral cortex of the rat by thyroid hormones.
        Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1981; 316: 45-50
        • Heninger G.R.
        • Charney D.S.
        Mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments: Implications for the etiology and treatment of depressive disorders.
        in: Meltzer H.Y. Psychopharmacology, the 3rd Generation of Progress. Raven Press, New York1987: 535-544
        • Hirooka Y.
        • Hollander C.S.
        • Suzuki S.
        • Ferdinand P.
        • Juan S.I.
        Somatostatin inhibits release of thyrotropin-releasing factor from organ cultures of rat hypothalamus.
        in: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 75. 1978: 4509-4513
        • Hollander E.
        • Davidson M.
        • M OS RC
        • et al.
        RS 86 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Cognitive and biological effects.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1987; 22: 1067-1078
        • Hunt G.E.
        • O'Sullivan B.T.
        • Johnson G.F.S.
        • Smythe G.A.
        Growth hormone and cortisol secretion after oral clonidine in healthy adul ts.
        Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1986; 11: 317-325
        • Imura H.
        • Kato Y.
        • Ikeda M.
        • Morimoto M.
        • Yawata M.
        Effect of adrenergic blocking or stimulating agents on plasma growth hormone, immunoreactive insulin, and blood free fatty acid levels in man.
        J Clin Invest. 1971; 50: 1069-1079
        • Jacobs B.L.
        Single unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in behaving animals.
        Prog Neurobiol. 1986; 27: 183-194
        • Janowsky D.S.
        • El-Yousef M.K.
        • Davis J.M.
        • Sekerke H.J.
        A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression.
        Lancet. 1972; ii: 632-635
        • Kasper S.
        • Sack D.A.
        • Wehr T.A.
        • Kick H.
        • Voll G.
        • Viera A.
        Nocturnal TSH and prolactin secretion during sleep deprivation and prediction of antidepressant response in patients with major depression.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1988; 24: 631-641
        • Kirkegaard C.
        • Bjorum N.
        • Chon D.
        • Faber J.
        • Lauridsen U.B.
        • Nerup J.
        Studies on the influence of biogenic amines and psychoactive drugs on the prognostic value of the TRH stimulation test in endogenous depression.
        Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1977; 2: 131-136
        • Klibanski A.
        • Milbury P.E.
        • Chin W.W.
        • Ridgway E.C.
        Direct adrenergic stimulation of the release of thyrotropin and its subunits from the thyrotrope in vitro.
        Endocrinology. 1983; 113: 1244-1249
        • Koella W.P.
        Neurotransmitters and sleep—A synthesis.
        in: Sleep. 84. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York1985: 28-39
        • Kreuz L.E.
        • Rose R.M.
        • Jennings J.R.
        Suppression of plasma testosterone levels and psychological stress.
        Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972; 35: 479-482
        • Krieg J.C.
        • Berger M.
        REM sleep and cortisol response to the cholinergic challenge with RS 86 in normals and depressives.
        Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1987; 76: 600-602
        • Krieg J.C.
        • Bossert M.
        • Pirke K.M.
        • Von Zerssen D.
        • Berger M.
        The influence of the muscarinic agonist RS 86 on the cortisol system.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1987; 22: 573-582
        • Krulich L.
        Neurotransmitter control of thyrotropin secretion.
        Neuroendocrinology. 1982; 35: 139-147
        • Krulich L.
        • Giachetti A.
        • Marchelewska-Koj A.
        • Hefco E.
        • Jameson H.E.
        On the role of the central noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the regulation of TSH-secretion in the rat.
        Endocrinology. 1977; 100: 496-505
        • Laakmann G.
        • Schoen H.W.
        • Zygan K.
        • Weiss A.
        • Wittmann M.
        • Meissner R.
        Effects of receptor blockers (methysergide, propanolol, phentolamine, yohimbine, and prazosin) on desimipramine-induced pituitary hormone stimulation in humans. II. Prolactin.
        Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1986; 11: 463-474
        • Laakmann G.
        • Wittmann M.
        • Schoen H.W.
        • et al.
        Effects of receptor blockers (methylsergide, propanolol, phenotalamine, yohimbine, and prazosinm) in desimpramine-induced pituitary hornmone stimulation in humans. III. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.
        Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1986; 11: 475-489
        • Laakmann G.
        • Zygan K.
        • Schoen H.W.
        • Weiss A.
        • Wittman M.
        • Meissner R.
        • Blaschke D.
        Effects of receptor blockers (methysergide, propanolol, phentolamine, yohimbine, and prazosin) on desimipramine-induced pituitary hormone stimulation in humans. I. Growth hormone.
        Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1986; 11: 447-461
        • Lal S.
        • Tolis G.
        • Martin J.B.
        • Brown G.M.
        • Guyda H.
        Effect of clonidine on growth hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum of normal man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975; 41: 827-832
        • Lancranjan I.
        • Del Pozo E.
        • Onhaus E.
        Inhibitory effect of guanfacine, a central alpha-adrenoceptor agonist on prolactin secretion stimulated by insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1978; 47: 671-674
        • Lancranjan I.
        • Onhaus E.
        • Girard J.
        The alpha-adrenoceptor control of adrenocorticotropin secretion in man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979; 49: 227-230
        • Lawlor B.A.
        • Sunderland T.
        • Mellow A.M.
        • Hill J.L.
        • Newhouse P.A.
        • Murphy D.L.
        A preliminary study of the effects of intravenous m-chlorophenylpiperazine, a serotonin agonist, in elderly subjects.
        Biol Psychiatry. 1989; 25: 679-686
        • Lewis D.A.
        • Sherman B.M.
        • Kathol R.G.
        Analysis of the specificity of physostigmine stimulation of adrenocorticotropin in man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984; 58: 570-573
        • Matussek N.
        • Ackenheil M.
        • Hippius H.
        • et al.
        Effect of clonidine on growth hormone release in psychiatric patients and controls.
        Psychiatry Res. 1980; 2: 25-36
        • Melander A.
        Autonomic nervous control: Adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic control.
        in: Ingbar S.H. Braverman L.E. The Thyroid. Lippincott, Philadelphia1986: 331-338
        • Mendelson W.B.
        • Jacobs L.S.
        • Reichman J.D.
        • et al.
        Methysergide. Suppression of sleep-related prolactin secretion and enhancement of sleep-related growth hormone secretion.
        J Clin Invest. 1975; 56: 690-697
        • Mendelson W.B.
        • Lantigua R.A.
        • Wyatt R.J.
        • Gillin J.C.
        • Jacobs J.S.
        Piperidine enhances sleep-related and insulin-induced growth hormone secretion: Further evidence for a cholinergic secretory mechanism.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981; 52: 409-415
        • Mendelson W.B.
        • Sitaram N.
        • Wyatt R.J.
        • Gillin J.C.
        • Jacobs L.S.
        Methscopolamine inhibition of sleep-related growth hormone secretion.
        J Clin Invest. 1978; 61: 1683-1690
        • Milsom S.R.
        • Donald R.A.
        • Espiner E.A.
        • Nicholls M.G.
        • Livesy J.H.
        The effect of peripheral catecholamine concentrations on the pituitary adrenal response to corticotropin-releasing factor in man.
        Clin Neuroendocrinol. 1986; 25: 241-246
        • Nicoloff J.T.
        A new method for the measurement of thyroidal iodine release in man.
        J Clin Invest. 1970; 49: 1912-1921
        • Nilsson K.O.
        • Thorell J.I.
        • Hökfelt B.
        The effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the release of thyrotropin and other pituitary hormones in man under basal conditions and following adrenergic blocking agents.
        Acta Endocrinol. 1974; 76: 24-34
        • O'Connor J.F.
        • Wu G.Y.
        • Gallagher T.F.
        • Hellman L.
        The 24-hour plasma thyroxin profile in normal man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1974; 39: 765-771
        • Palacios J.M.
        • Bollinger G.
        • Closse A.
        • Enz A.
        • Gmelin G.
        • Melanowsk J.
        The pharmacological assessment of RS 86 (2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro-(4,5)-decan-1,3-dion hydrobromide). A potent specific muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.
        Eur J Pharmacol. 1986; 125: 45-62
        • Parker D.C.
        • Pekary A.E.
        • Hershman J.M.
        Effects of normal and reversed sleep-wake cycles upon nyctohemeral rhythmicity of plasma thyrotropin: Evidence suggestive of an inhibitory influence in sleep.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976; 43: 318-329
        • Parker D.C.
        • Sassin J.F.
        • Mace J.W.
        • Gotlin R.W.
        • Rossman L.G.
        Human growth hormone release during sleep: Electroencephalographic correlation.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1969; 29: 871-874
        • Peters J.R.
        • Evans P.J.
        • Page M.D.
        • et al.
        Colinergic muscarinic receptor blockade with pirenzepine abolishes slow wave sleep-related growth hormone release in normal adult males.
        Clin Endocrinol. 1986; 25: 213-217
        • Peters J.R.
        • Ford S.M.
        • Dieguez C.
        • Scanlon M.F.
        • Hall R.
        Alpha1-adrenoceptors on intact rat anterior pituitary cells: Correlation with adrenergic stimulation of thyrotropin secretion.
        Endocrinology. 1983; 113: 133-140
        • Pflug B.
        • Tölle R.
        Therapie endogener Depressionen durch Schlafentzug.
        Nervenarzt. 1971; 42: 117-124
        • Plotsky P.M.
        Facilitation of immuno-reactive corticotropin-releasing factor secretion into the hypophysical-portal circulation and activation of catecholaminergic pathways or central norepinephrine injection.
        Endocrinology. 1987; 121: 924-930
        • Raczkowska-Naylor M.
        • Krishnan K.R.R.
        • Manepalli A.N.
        • Ritchie J.C.
        • Wilson W.H.
        • Carroll B.J.
        Circadian rhythm of adrenergic regulation of adrenocorticotropine and cortisol secretion in man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988; 67: 404-406
      73. Rechtschaffen A. Kales A. A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. Superintendent of Documents. US-Government Printing Office, Washington DC1968
        • Reichlin S.
        Neuroendocrine control of thyrotropin secretion.
        in: Ingbar S.H. Braverman L.E. The Thyroid. Lippincott, Philadelphia1986: 240-266
        • Ross R.J.M.
        • Tsagarakis S.
        • Grossman A.
        • et al.
        GH feedback occurs through modulation of hypothalamic somatostatin under cholinergic control: Studies with pyridostigmine and GHRH.
        Clin Endocrinol. 1987; 27: 727-733
        • Selye H.
        The general adaption syndrome and the diseases of adaptation.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1946; 6: 117-124
        • Siever L.J.
        • Uhde T.W.
        • Jimerson D.C.
        • Post R.M.
        • Lake R.
        • Murphy D.L.
        Plasma cortisol responses to clonidine in depressed patients and controls.
        Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984; 41: 63-68
        • Siever L.J.
        • Uhde T.W.
        • Silverman E.K.
        • et al.
        Growth hormone response to clonidine as a probe of noradrenergic receptor responsiveness in affective disorder patients and controls.
        Psychiatry Res. 1982; 6: 171-183
        • Smythe G.A.
        • Duncan M.W.
        • Bradshaw J.E.
        • Cai W.Y.
        Serotonergic control of growth hormone secretion: Hypothalamic dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels and metabolism in three hyposomatotropic rat models and in normal rats.
        Endocrinology. 1982; 110: 376-383
        • Spira O.
        • Gordon A.
        Thyroid hormone feedback effects on thyroid stimulating hormone.
        in: Hennemann G. Thyroid Hormone Metabolism. Marcel Dekker, Basel1986: 535-578
        • Strassman R.J.
        • Peake G.T.
        • Qualls C.R.
        • Lisansky E.J.
        A model for the study of acute effects of melatonin in man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987; 65: 847-852
        • Strömbom U.
        • Svensson T.H.
        • Jackson D.M.
        • Engström G.
        Hyperthyroidism: Specifically increased response to central NA-alpha-receptor stimulation and generally increased monoamine turnover in brain.
        J Neural Transm. 1977; 41: 73-92
        • Swann A.C.
        Thyroid hormone and norepinephrine: Effects on alpha2-, β-, and re-uptake sites in cerebral cortex and heart.
        J Neural Transm. 1988; 71: 195-205
        • Szafarczyk A.
        • Malaval F.
        • Laurent A.
        • Gibaud R.
        • Assenmacher I.
        Further evidence for a central stimulatory action of catecholamines on adrenocorticotropin release in the rat.
        Endocrinology. 1987; 121: 883-892
        • Tanaka H.
        • Cleroux J.
        • De Champlain J.
        • Ducharme J.R.
        • Collu R.
        Persistent effects of a marathon run on the pituitary-testicular axis.
        J Endocrinol Invest. 1986; 9: 97-191
        • Toccafondi R.S.
        • Braudi N.L.
        • Rotella C.M.
        • Zonefrati R.
        Studies of catecholamine effect on cyclic AMP in human cultured thyroid cells: Their interaction with thyrotropine receptor.
        Acta Endocrinol. 1983; 62: 102-110
        • Valcavi R.
        • Dieguez C.
        • Azzarito C.
        • Artiolo C.
        • Portioli I.
        • Scanlon M.F.
        Alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with thynoxamine reduces basal thyrotropine levels but does not influence circadian thyrotropine changes in man.
        J Endocrinol. 1987; 115: 187-191
        • Vance M.L.
        • Kaiser D.L.
        • Frohman L.A.
        • Rivier J.
        • Vale W.W.
        • Thorner M.O.
        Role of dopamine in the regulation of growth hormone secretion: Dopamine and bromocriptine augment growth hormone (GH) releasing hormone-stimulated GH-secretion in normal man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987; 64: 1136-1141
        • Vernikos-Danellis J.
        • Leach C.S.
        • Winget C.M.
        • Rambaut P.C.
        • Mack P.B.
        Thyroid and adrenal cortical rhythmicity during bedrest.
        J Appl Physiol. 1972; 33: 644-648
        • Wauquier A.
        Dopamine: Its active and permissive roles in sleep-wakefukness.
        in: Kölla W.P. Rüther E. Schulz H. Sleep 1984. Fischer, Stuttgart1985: 14-16
        • Weeke J.
        • Gundersen H.J.G.
        Circadian and 30 minute variation in serum TSH and thyroid hormones in normal subjects.
        Acta Endocrinol. 1978; 89: 659-672
        • Weiner I.
        • Ganong W.F.
        Role of brain monoamines and histamine in regulation of anterior pituitary secretion.
        Physiol Rev. 1978; 58: 905-976
        • Weitzman E.D.
        • Zimmerman J.C.
        • Czeisler C.A.
        • Ronda J.
        Cortisol secretion is inhibited during sleep in normal man.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983; 56: 352-358
        • Yamaguchi N.
        • Maeda K.
        • Kuramaru s.
        The effects of sleep deprivation on the circadian rhythms of plasma cortisol levels in depressive patients.
        Folia Psychiatr Neurol Japonica. 1978; 32: 479-487
        • Woolf P.D.
        • Lee L.A.
        • Schalch D.S.
        Adrenergic manipulation and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced thyrotropin (TSH) release.
        J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972; 35: 516-618
        • Zgliczynski S.
        • Kaniewski N.
        Evidence for alpha-adrenergic receptor mediated TSH-release in man.
        Acta Endocrinol. 1980; 95: 172-176

      Article info

      Publication history

      Received in revised form: January 29, 1990
      Received: December 20, 1989

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(90)90395-I

      Copyright

      © 1990 Published by Elsevier Inc.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect
      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties. The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      RELX