This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
Abstract
In mammals, GABAergic projections from the substantia nigra reticulata to the superior
colliculus provide tonic inhibition to tectal neurons involved in the generation of
saccades. Dysfunction of this pathway has been shown to produce saccadic “distractibility”
in the experimental monkey. In two oculomotor paradigms, control of saccadic eye movements
was tested in chronic schizophrenic patients with (n = 18) and without (n = 16) tardive dyskinesia (TD) and normal controls (n = 8). The three groups were matched by mean age; the TD and non-TD patient groups
had similar duration of illness, benztropine and chlorpromazine equivalent doses and
educational levels. A twofold increase in saccadic distractibility was observed in
TD compared to non-TD schizophrenic patients, and both patient groups demonstrated
a greater saccadic distractibility than normals. Furthermore, schizophrenic patients
(both with and without TD) showed significantly increased latency for “volitional”
saccades compared to the normal controls. These findings may provide further evidence
for basal ganglia GABA dysfunction in tardive dyskinesia, as well as demonstrate oculomotor
abnormalities in schizophrenic individuals.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Biological PsychiatryAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- The distribution and some morphological features of substantia nigra neurons that project the thalamus, superior colliculus and pedunculopontine nucleus in the monkey.Neuroscience. 1982; 7: 2377-2388
- Primate frontal eye fields. I. Single neurons discharging before saccades.J Neurophysiol. 1985; 53: 603-635
- Gamma-acetylenic GABA in tardive dyskinesia.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980; 37: 1376-1379
- Neuroleptics and psychotic disorders.in: Coyle JT Enna ST Neuroleptics: Neurochemical, Behavioral and Clinical Perspectives. Raven Press, New York1983: 15-64
- An experimental study of the ocular reactions of the insane from photographic records.Brain. 1908; 31: 451-489
- Automatic and strategic control of eye movements in schizophrenia.in: Gale AS Johnson F Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York1984
- Neurobiological substrates of tardive dyskinesia: The GABA hypothesis.TINS. 1984; 7: 462-463
- Chronic blockade of dopamine receptors by anti-schizophrenic drugs enhances GABA binding in substantia nigra.Nature. 1980; 283: 569-570
- Disturbances of voluntary saccadic eye movement mechanisms following discrete unilateral frontal lobe removals.in: Lennerstrand G Zee DS Keller EL Functional Basis of Ocular Motility Disorders. Pergamon Press, Oxford1982
- Reductions of nigral glutamic acid decarboxylase in rats with neuroleptic-induced oral dyskinesia.Psychopharmacology. 1983; 81: 191-194
- Association with persistent neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia of regional changes in brain GABA synthesis.Nature. 1984; 309: 347-349
- Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. IV. Relation of substantia nigra to superior colliculus.J Neurophysiol. 1983; 49: 1285-1301
- Effects on eye movements of a GABA agonist and antagonist injected into monkey superior colliculus.Brain Res. 1983; 272: 368-372
- Modification of saccadic eye movements by GABA-related substances. II. Effects of muscimol on the monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata.J Neurophysiol. 1985; 53: 292-308
- Eye movement dysfunctions and psychosis.int Rev Neurobiol. 1985; 27: 179-205
- Eye tracking patterns in schizophrenia.Science. 1973; 181: 179-181
- Dissociation of smooth-pursuit and saccadic eye tracking in remitted schizophrenics.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981; 38: 991-996
- Effect of gamma-vinyl GABA in tardive dyskinesia.Psychiatry Res. 1983; 8: 261-269
- Saccades in Huntington's disease: Initiation defects and distractibility.Neurology. 1987; 37: 364-370
- Frontal lobe dysfunctions in schizophrenia. I. Eye movement impairments.J Psychiatr Res. 1984; 18: 27-55
- Saccadic eye movements of schizophrenic patients measured by reflected light technique.Biol Psychiatry. 1982; 17: 1277-1287
- Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention.J Neurosci. 1984; 4: 1863-1874
- The effect of chronic neuroleptic administration on cerebral dopamine receptor function.Life Sci. 1983; 32: 2289-2311
- Dopamine-GABA interactions: Evidence that GABA transmits, modulates, and mediates dopaminergic functions in the basal ganglia and the limbic system.Acta Neurol Scand. 1986; 73: 1-49
- Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia.Am J Psychiatry. 1982; 39: 486-487
- Diazepam-induced changes in tardive dyskinesia: Suggestions for a new conceptual model.Biol. Psychiatry. 1982; 17: 729-742
- Relation of neuroleptic dose and tardive dyskinesia to attention, information-processing, and psychophysiology in medicated schizophrenics.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985; 42: 849-859
- Improvement in tardive dyskinesia after muscimol therapy.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979; 36: 595-598
- GABA agonist therapy improves tardive dyskinesia.Lanset. 1983; ii: 97-98
- GABA dysfunction in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia.in: Casey DE Chase TN Christensen AV Gerlach J Dyskinesia—Research and Treatment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin1985: 122-127
- GABA neuronal hypofunction in neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias.in: 15th CINP Congress, San Juan, Puerto Rico1986
- Brain GABA abnormality in tardive dyskinesia: Reduction in cerebrospinal fluid GABA levels and clinical response to agonist treatment.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987; 44: 522-529
- Further anomalies in the dopamine receptor supersensitivity hypothesis of tardive dyskinesia.TINS. 1985; 8: 200
- Role of the basal ganglia in the initiaion of saccadic eye movements.in: Progress in Brain Research. vol 64. 1986: 175-190
- Ocular motor control.in: Asbury AK McKhann GM McDonald WI Diseases of Nervous System. WB Saunders, Philadelphia1986: 507-519
- Eye movement disorders in basal ganglia disease.in: Findley L Gresty M Movement Disorders: Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum. MacMillan, New York1988 (in press).
Article info
Publication history
Received in revised form:
February 26,
1988
Received:
August 17,
1987
Footnotes
☆Supported in part by NIMH Grants R03 MH40641-01 and MH402 79-03.
Identification
Copyright
© 1989 Published by Elsevier Inc.
