Biological Psychiatry
Volume 47, Issue 4 , Pages 314-324 , 15 February 2000

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of nondelusional major depressive disorder: an open study

  • Leon Grunhaus

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Leon Grunhaus, MD, Chair Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel 52621
    • ,
  • Pinhas N Dannon

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
    • ,
  • Shaul Schreiber

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
    • ,
  • Ornah H Dolberg

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
    • ,
  • Revital Amiaz

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
    • ,
  • Reuven Ziv

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
    • ,
  • Eli Lefkifker

      Affiliations

    • Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel

Received 3 February 1999 ,Revised 20 August 1999 ,Accepted 17 September 1999.

References 

  1. Abrams R. Electroconvulsive Therapy. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992;
  2. American PA. The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990;
  3. Barker AT. An introduction to the basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation. J Clin Physiol. 1991;8:26–37
  4. Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet. 1985;i:1106–1107
  5. Baxter LR, Phelps M, et al.  Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;42:243–250
  6. Belmaker RH, Fleishman A (1995): Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A potential new frontier in psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry 38:419–426.
  7. Ben-Sachar D, Belmaker RH, Grisaru N, et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces alterations in brain monoamines. J Neural Transm. 1997;104:191–197
  8. Bench CJ, Friston K, Brown RG, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ (1993): Regional cerebral blood flow in depression measured by positron emission tomography: The relationship with clinical dimensions. Psychol Med 23:579–590.
  9. Bonne O, Krausz J, Shapira B, et al.  Increased cerebral blood flow in patients responding to electroconvulsive therapy. J Nucl Med. 1996;37:1075–1080
  10. Cohen J, Cohen P. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1975;
  11. Conca A, Koppi S, Konig P, et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation (A novel antidepressant strategy?). Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996;34:204–207
  12. Cummings JL. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:873–880
  13. Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR, et al.  Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 1997;386:824–827
  14. Drevets WC, Videen TO, Price JL, et al.  A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neurosci. 1992;12:3628–3641
  15. Figiel GS, Epstein C, McDonald WM, et al.  The use of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in refractory depressed patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10:20–25
  16. Fleischmann A, Hirschmann S, Dolberg OT, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L. Chronic treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation inhibits seizure induction by electroconvulsive shock in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:759–763
  17. Fleischmann A, Prolov K, Abarbanel J, et al.  The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the rat brain on behavioral models of depression. Brain Res. 1995;699:130–132
  18. Fleischmann A, Steppel J, et al.  The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation compared with electroconvulsive shock on rat apomorphine-induced stereotypy. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1994;4:449–450
  19. Fleischmann A, Sterneheim A, et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation downregulates beta-adrenoreceptors in rat cortex. J Neural Transm. 1996;103:1361–1366
  20. George M, Ketter TA, et al.  Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in clinical depression. Depression. 1994;2:59–72
  21. George MS, Wasserman EM. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation and ECT. Convuls Ther. 1994;10:251–254
  22. George MS, Wasserman EM, et al.  Daily repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in depression. Neuroreport. 1995;6:1853–1856
  23. George MS, Wasserman EM, et al.  Mood improvement following daily prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression (A placebo-controlled crossed over trial). Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:1752–1756
  24. Grisaru N, Chudakov B, Yaroslavsky Y, et al.  TMS in mania (A controlled study). Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1608–1610
  25. Grisaru N, et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression and schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1994;4:287–288
  26. Grunhaus L, Remen A. The Michigan Adequacy of Treatment Scale (M.A.T.S.). J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;13:221–223
  27. Hallet M, Cohen LG. Magnetism (A new method for stimulation of nerve and brain). JAMA. 1989;262:538–541
  28. Hoflich G, Kasper S, et al.  Application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment of drug-resistant major depression—a report of two cases. Hum Psychopharmacol. 1993;8:361–365
  29. Illmoniemi RJ, Virtanen J, et al.  Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport. 1997;8:3537–3540
  30. Klein E, Kreinin I, Chistyakov A, et al.  Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression (A double blind controlled study). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:315–320
  31. Kolbinger HM, Hoflich G, et al (1995): Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression: A pilot study. Hum Psychopharmacol 10:395–310.
  32. Martinot JL, Hardy P, Feline A, et al.  Left prefrontal glucose metabolism in the depressed state (A confirmation study). Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:1313–1317
  33. Mayberg HS, Jeffrey PJ, et al.  Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with refractory unipolar depression measured with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT. J Nucl Med. 1991;32:951
  34. McCann UD, Kimbrell TA, Morgan CM, et al.  Repetitive transcranial stimulation for post traumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:276–279
  35. Pascual-Leone A, Houser C, Reese K, et al.  Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal volunteers. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;89:120–130
  36. Pascual-Leone A, Rubio B, Pallardo F, et al.  Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. Lancet. 1996;348:233–237
  37. Paus T, Jech R, Thompson CJ, et al.  Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography (A new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex). J Neurosci. 1997;17:3178–3184
  38. Sackeim HA (1994): Commentary: Magnetic stimulation therapy and ECT. Convuls Ther 10:255–258.
  39. Sackeim HA, Decina P, et al.  Seizure threshold in electroconvulsive therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:355–360
  40. Sackeim HA, Prudic JP, Devanand DP, et al.  Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:839–846
  41. Wasserman EM. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (Report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998;108:1–16
  42. Zyss T. Deep magnetic brain stimulation—the end of psychiatric electroshock therapy?. Med Hypotheses. 1994;43:69–74
  43. Zyss T, Gorka Z, Kowalska M, et al.  Preliminary comparison of behavioral and biochemical effects of chronic transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive shock in the rat. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:920–924

PII: S0006-3223(99)00254-1

Biological Psychiatry
Volume 47, Issue 4 , Pages 314-324 , 15 February 2000

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution