Biological Psychiatry
Volume 61, Issue 11 , Pages 1272-1280 , 1 June 2007

Attentional Control and Brain Metabolite Levels in Methamphetamine Abusers

  • Ruth Salo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
    • Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Ruth Salo, Ph.D., Imaging Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California–Davis Medical Center, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817
  • ,
  • Thomas E. Nordahl

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
    • Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
  • ,
  • Yutaka Natsuaki

      Affiliations

    • Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
    • Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California
  • ,
  • Martin H. Leamon

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
  • ,
  • Gantt P. Galloway

      Affiliations

    • California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California
  • ,
  • Christy Waters

      Affiliations

    • Kaiser Chemical Dependence Recovery Program, Sacramento, California.
  • ,
  • Charles D. Moore

      Affiliations

    • Kaiser Chemical Dependence Recovery Program, Sacramento, California.
  • ,
  • Michael H. Buonocore

      Affiliations

    • Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
    • Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, California

Received 2 February 2006 ,Revised 11 July 2006 ,Accepted 13 July 2006.

References 

  1. Bottomley PA. Spatial localization in NMR spectroscopy in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987;508:333–348
  2. Brody AL, Olmstead RE, London ED, Farahi J, Meyer JH, Grossman P, et al. Smoking-induced ventral striatum dopamine release. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1211–1218
  3. Carter CS, Botvinick MM, Cohen JD. The contribution of the anterior cingulate cortex to executive processes in cognition. Rev Neurosci. 1999;10:49–57
  4. Cecil KM, Lenkinski RE, Meaney DF, McIntosh TK, Smith DH. High-field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of a swine model for axonal injury. J Neurochem. 1998;70:2038–2044
  5. Chambers RA, Krystal JH, Self DW. A neurobiological basis for substance abuse comorbidity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:71–83
  6. Chang L, Ernst T, Poland RE, Jenden DJ. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the normal aging human brain. Life Sci. 1996;58:2049–2056
  7. Cohen G, Andreasen NC, Alliger R, Arndt S, Kuan J, Yuh WTC, et al. Segmentation techniques for the classification of brain tissue using MRI. Psychiatry Res. 1992;45:33–51
  8. Community Epidemiology Work Group. Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse—Advance Report. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 2004;
  9. Durazzo TC, Gazdzinski S, Rothlind JC, Banys P, Meyerhoff DJ. Brain metabolite concentrations and neurocognition during short-term recovery from alcohol dependence: Preliminary evidence of the effects of concurrent chronic cigarette smoking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30:539–551
  10. Eberling JL, Roberts JA, Taylor SE, VanBrocklin HF, O’Neil JP, Nordahl TE. Effects of age and estrogen on aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity in rhesus monkey brain. Neurobiol Aging. 2002;23:479–483
  11. Ernst T, Chang L, Leonido-Yee M, Speck O. Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: A 1H-MRS study. Neurology. 2000;54:1344–1349
  12. First MB, Spitzer L, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1995;
  13. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R, et al. Inhibition of MAO B in the brains of smokers. Nature. 1996;379:733–738
  14. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, Shea C, et al. Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:14065–14069
  15. Frederick BD, Satlin A, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Renshaw PF. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of Alzheimer’s disease in the parietal and temporal lobes. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42:147–150
  16. Gonen O, Catalaa I, Bann JS, Ge Y, Mannon LJ, Kolson DL, et al. Total brain N-acetylaspartate: A new measure of disease in MS. Neurology. 2000;54:15–19
  17. Grachev ID, Kumar R, Ramachandran TS, Szeverenyi NM. Cognitive interference is associated with neuronal marker N-acetyl aspartate in the anterior cingulate cortex: An in vivo (1)H-MRS study of the Stroop Color-Word task. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:529–539
  18. Hall H, Sedvall G, Magnusson O, Kopp J, Halldin C, Farde L. Distribution of D1- and D2-dopamine receptors, and dopamine and its metabolites in the human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1994;11:245–256
  19. Henik A, Salo R. Schizophrenia and the Stroop effect. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2004;3:42–59
  20. Jentsch JD, Taylor JR. Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: Implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999;146:373–390
  21. Kalechstein AD, Newton TF, Green M. Methamphetamine dependence is associated with neurocognitive impairment in the initial phases of abstinence. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;15:215–220
  22. Kalivas PW, Volkow ND. The neural basis of addiction: A pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1403–1413
  23. Kattapong VJ, Brooks WM, Wesley MH, Kodituwakku PW, Rosenberg GA. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of vascular and Alzheimer-type dementia. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:678–680
  24. Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW, Cho RY, Stenger VA, Carter CS. Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science. 2004;303:1023–1026
  25. Kornetsky C, Mirsky AF, Kessler EK, Dorff JE. The effects of d-amphetamine on behavioral deficits produced by sleep loss in humans. J Pharmacol. 1959;127:46–50
  26. Lim KO, Adalsteinsson A, Spielman D, Rosenbloom MJ, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of cortical gray and white matter in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:346–352
  27. MacDonald AW, Cohen JD, Stenger VA, Carter CS. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science. 2000;288:1835–1838
  28. MacLeod CM. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychol Bull. 1991;109:163–203
  29. Manji HK, Moore GJ, Rajkowska G, Chen G. Neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5:578–593
  30. McKetin R, Mattick RP. Attention and memory in illicit amphetamine users: Comparison with non-drug-using controls. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1998;50:181–184
  31. Miller G, Gainet-Dinov R, Levey A, Caron M. Dopamine transporters and neuronal injury. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1999;10:424–429
  32. National Drug Intelligence Center. National Drug Threat Assessment (2005): Summary Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
  33. Nelson HE. The National Adult Reading Test (NART). Windsor, Canada: Nelson; 1982;
  34. Nordahl TE, Salo R, Leamon MH. Neuropsychological effects of methamphetamine use: A review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;15:317–325
  35. Nordahl TE, Salo R, Natsuaki Y, Galloway GP, Waters C, Moore CD, et al. Methamphetamine users in sustained abstinence: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:444–452
  36. Nordahl TE, Salo R, Possin K, Gibson DR, Flynn N, Leamon M, et al. Low N-acetyl-aspartate and high choline in the anterior cingulum of recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent subjects: A preliminary proton MRS study (Magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Psychiatry Res. 2002;116:43–52
  37. Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The DASIS report: Primary methamphetamine/amphetamine treatment admissions: 1992–2002 (2004). Available at: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/2k4/methTX/methTX.cfm. Accessed June 13, 2005.
  38. Ohrmann P, Kersting A, Suslow T, Lalee-Mentzel J, Donges U, Fiebich M, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in anorexia nervosa: Correlations with cognition. Neuroreport. 2004;15:549–553
  39. Paulus MP, Hozack N, Frank L, Brown GG, Schuckit MA. Decision making by methamphetamine-dependent subjects is associated with error-rate independent decrease in prefrontal and parietal activation. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:65–74
  40. Paus T. Primate anterior cingulate cortex: Where motor control, drive and cognition interface. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;6:417–424
  41. Pennypacker KR, Kassed CA, Eidizadeh S, O’Callaghan JP. Brain injury: Prolonged induction of transcription factors. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2000;60:515–528
  42. Pfefferbaum A, Adalsteinsson E, Spielman D, Sullivan EV, Lim KO. In vivo spectroscopic quantification of the N-acetyl moiety, creatine, and choline from large volumes of brain gray and white matter: Effects of normal aging. Magn Reson Med. 1999;41:276–284
  43. Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Hedehus M, Lim KO, Adalsteinsson E, Moseley M. Age-related decline in brain white matter anisotropy measured with spatially corrected echo-planer diffusion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:259–268
  44. Porrino LJ, Lyons D. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and psychostimulant abuse: Studies in animal models. Cereb Cortex. 2000;10:326–333
  45. Ricaurte GA, Guillery RW, Seiden LS, Schuster CR, Moore RY. Dopamine nerve terminal degeneration produced by high doses of methylamphetamine in the rat brain. Brain Res. 1982;235:93–103
  46. Ricaurte GA, Schuster CR, Seiden LS. Long-term effects of repeated methylamphetamine administration on dopamine and serotonin neurons in the rat brain: A regional study. Brain Res. 1980;193:153–163
  47. Ricaurte GA, Schuster CR, Seiden LS. Further evidence that amphetamines produce long-lasting dopamine neurochemical deficits by destroying dopamine nerve fibers. Brain Res. 1984;303:359–364
  48. Ricaurte GA, Seiden LS, Schuster CR. Increased dopamine metabolism in the rat neostriatum after toxic doses of d-methylamphetamine. Neuropharmacology. 1983;22:1383–1388
  49. Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Drug addiction: Bad habits add up. Nature. 1999;398:567–570
  50. Rogers RD, Everitt BJ, Baldacchino A, Blackshaw AJ, Swainson R, Wynne K, et al. Dissociable deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: Evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995;20:322–339
  51. Sager TN, Topp S, Torup L, Hanson LH, Egestad B, Moller A. Evaluation of CA1 damage using single-voxel 1H-MRS and un-biased stereology: Can non-invasive measures of N-acetyl-aspartate following global ischemia be useful as a reliable measure of neuronal damage?. Brain Res. 2001;892:166–175
  52. Salo R, Nordahl TE, Moore C, Waters C, Natsuaki Y, Galloway GP, et al. A dissociation in attentional control: Evidence from methamphetamine dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:310–313
  53. Salo R, Nordahl TE, Possin K, Leamon M, Gibson DR, Galloway GP, et al. Preliminary evidence of reduced cognitive inhibition in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Psychiatry Res. 2002;111:65–74
  54. Seashore RH, Ivy AC. Effects of analeptic drugs in relieving fatigue. Psychol Monogr. 1953;67:1–16
  55. Sim T, Simon SL, Domier CP, Richardson K, Rawson RA, Ling W. Cognitive deficits among methamphetamine users with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology. J Addict Dis. 2002;21:75–89
  56. Simon SL, Domier C, Carnell J, Brethren P, Rawson R, Ling W. Cognitive impairment in individuals currently using methamphetamine. Am J Addict. 2000;9:222–231
  57. Simmons MS, Frondoza CG, Coyle JT. Immunocytochemical localization of N-acetyl-aspartate with monoclonal antibodies. Neuroscience. 1991;45:37–45
  58. Soetens E, Casaer S, D’Hooge R, Hueting JE. Effect of amphetamine on long-term retention of verbal material. Psychopharmacology. 1995;119:155–162
  59. Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol. 1935;18:643–662
  60. Taylor MJ, Alhassoon OM, Schweinsburg BC, Videen JS, Grant I. MR spectroscopy in HIV and stimulant dependence HNRC group. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000;6:83–85
  61. Tedeschi G, Battalion A, Lundbom N, Bonavita S, Patronas NJ, Duyn JH, et al. Cortical and subcortical chemical pathology in Alzheimer’s disease as assessed by multislice proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Neurology. 1996;47:696–704
  62. Tsai G, Coyle JT. N-acetylaspartate in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol. 1995;46:531–540
  63. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. The world drug problem: A status report. In: 2004 World Drug Report. Vol 1:Vienna: United Nations; 2004;p. 25–56
  64. Villemagne V, Yuan J, Wong DF, Dannals RF, Hatzidimitriou G, Mathews WB, et al. Brain dopamine neurotoxicity in baboons treated with doses of methamphetamine comparable to those recreationally abused by humans: Evidence from [C-11]WIN-35,428 positron emission tomography studies and direct in vitro determinations. J Neurosci. 1998;18:419–427
  65. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Leonido-Yee M, Franceschi D, et al. Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:377–382
  66. Wagner GC, Ricaurte GA, Seiden LS, Schuster CR, Miller RJ, Westley J. Long-lasting depletions of striatal dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites following repeated administration of methamphetamine. Brain Res. 1980;181:151–160

PII: S0006-3223(06)00953-X

doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.031

Biological Psychiatry
Volume 61, Issue 11 , Pages 1272-1280 , 1 June 2007